Overall system simulations have become crucial in the early stages of design, despite the challenge of needing detailed model parameters and data maps that typically come from later experiments. A significant advancement in this area is the development of virtual 3D validation models at the system level. These models offer high predictive accuracy and can fully substitute for physical testing. They provide all necessary input data and parameters for a 1D vehicle model through a standardized interface. These simulations can be applied in a variety of scenarios, including:

• Starting the engine, lugging, change of mind, braking, gear up-shifting, and down-shifting with clutch engagement.

• Performance analysis, such as acceleration tests and range estimation.

• Simulation of different driving conditions, including uphill, downhill, urban, and rural environments.

• Optimization of operational strategies, enhancing vehicle range and reducing fuel consumption.